SIGNALING PATHWAYS

Signaling pathways involve signal transduction that is the process by which an extracellular signaling molecule activates a membrane receptor, that in turn alters intracellular molecules creating a response. There are two stages in this process: 1) a signalling molecule activates a certain receptor on the cell membrane 2) causing a second messenger to continue the signal into the cell and elicit a physiological response. In either step, the signal can be amplified, meaning that one signalling molecule can cause many responses. Signal transduction involves the binding of extracellular signalling molecules and ligands to cell-surface receptors that trigger events inside the cell. Intracellular signaling cascades can be started through cell-substratum interactions.

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